Textual Criticism

Contradictions, anachronisms, later additions, and manuscript variants.

4 articles

Internal Consistency

ContradictionsThe Bible contains accounts that cannot all be literally true at the same time.
AnachronismsBiblical stories place peoples, practices, and places in periods where the available historical evidence says they do not belong.

Transmission

InterpolationsSome familiar biblical passages were added after the earliest recoverable text, complicating claims that every word was preserved by God.
VariantsCopying by hand produced a New Testament with far more textual variants than its original words.